![]() It has long been recognized that the Inka incorporated diverse peoples into their empire, but how these ethnic groups developed historically during the political upheaval of the preceding Late Intermediate Period (LIP AD 1100–1450) is only now receiving commensurate attention. ![]() © 2017 by The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research. Our research demonstrates a shift toward homogenizing representations of social identities as well as biological aspects of identities as societies began reformulating their social groups following the end of the complex and cosmopolitan Middle Horizon. ![]() We focus on the tumultuous transition between the Middle Horizon (AD 500–1100) and Late Intermediate Period (AD 1100–1400) in northern Chile’s San Pedro de Atacama oases and the neighboring upper Loa River Valley. We illustrate the utility of our model with a case study using archaeological, bioarchaeological, and biogeochemical data from northern Chile, stressing both the fixed and the dynamic aspects of different identities. A contextualized bioarchaeological approach brings together a variety of methods to investigate aspects of individual and group identities, provides a means of accessing biological facets of identity, and allows for more nuanced understanding of the complexities of social identities. We argue that, while many scholars have moved beyond the single-focus study, archaeological individuals themselves are still neglected. Here, we present a contextualized multiscalar bioarchaeological approach to studying identities in the past-individual and group, mutable and immutable-through the mortuary record. The online version of this article (10.1007/s0043-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorised users.ĭespite our instinctive understanding of the importance of “identity,” archaeologists and bioarchaeologists continue to struggle to rigorously investigate this complex phenomenon. Concerning the maternal descent, different mtDNA lineages associated with each family were identified, suggesting a high maternal gene flow among Andean populations, probably due to changes in the last 1000 years. By contrast, the second cluster, named AWKI-2, was represented by a single individual AWKI-2 was part of the Q-Z19483 sub-lineage that was likely associated with a recent male expansion in the Andes, which probably occurred during the Late Intermediate Period (1000–1450 AD), overlapping the Inka period. ![]() The first cluster, named AWKI-1, was associated with five families (eight individuals). Two Q-M3* Y-STR clusters descending from different male founders were identified. We used single-nucleotide polymorphisms and short tandem repeat (STR) markers of the Y chromosome (Y-STRs), as well as mitochondrial DNA D-loop sequences, to investigate the paternal and maternal descent of the 18 alleged Inka descendants. In the present study, we analysed uniparental DNA markers in 18 individuals predominantly from the districts of San Sebastian and San Jerónimo in Cusco (Peru), who belong to 12 families of putative patrilineal descent of Inka rulers, according to documented registries. Moreover, no genetic studies have been conducted on present-day descendants of the Inka rulers. While the mummies of the Inka rulers could have been informative, most were destroyed by Spaniards and the few remaining disappeared without a trace. The origin of the royal Inkas is currently unknown. The Inkas ruled Tawantinsuyu, the largest pre-Columbian empire in South America, which extended from southern Colombia to central Chile. This study focuses on the descendants of the royal Inka family.
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